3. Problems during negotiations:

i. Difference between RU and SU approaches and strategies related to negotiation.

ii. Lack of trust between RU and SU.

iii. Difficulty in reaching agreements on IP rights and price of technology.

iv. The unrealistic approach of both RU and SU to reach results in a short time period.

4. Problems during technology implementation:

i. Lack of resources such as: Technical staff, equipment, supporting staff, premises

and equipment, financial resources.

ii. Inability to achieve targets.

iii. Lack of funds and cost-overrun due to poor implementation.

iv. Delay or mismanagement of demand and supply chain.

v. High cost or poor quality of locally available material needed for the

implementation of technology.

5. Miscellaneous

i. Local producers are not able to face international challenges.

ii. Lack of skilled labour on the part of one or both parties.

iii. Incomplete process validation.

iv. The high rate of batch rejection.

v. Not fulfilment of demand for supporting staff or labour.

vi. Incomplete or no documentation.

Table 6.2: Describing government agencies and their functions in TOT process (Contd.)

Name of agency/authority Functions

WTO Set trade rule (like excise duty)

Monitor import and export of technology within countries

ICH Issues guidelines related to qualification, validation, clinical

trials, production, quality control, risk management

WHO Issues guidelines related to technology transfer

Tax department Charges tax/duty based on the type of technology (goods

or services)

90 Industrial Pharmacy II

vii. The product does not show specification or up to the limits as expected or

mentioned by SU.

viii. Delay or no regulatory approval of the product.

The success of technology transfer depends upon 5 Cs (Fig 6.2):

i. Communication

ii. Capacity

iii. Co-ordination

iv. Commitment

v. Co-operation